affrmact
General Social Survey https://gss.norc.org
Question 153. Some people say that because of past discrimination, blacks should be given preference in hiring and promotion. Others say that such preference in hiring and promotion of blacks is wrong because it discriminates against whites. What about your opinion - are you for or against preferential hiring and promotion of blacks? If favors: Do you favor preference in hiring and promotion strongly or not strongly? If opposes: Do you oppose preference in hiring and promotion strongly or not strongly?
For further details see the official GSS documentation.
Counts by year:
| year | iap | don't know | no answer | not strongly favors | not strongly opposes | strongly favors | strongly opposes | skipped on web | Total |
| 1972 | 1613 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1613 |
| 1973 | 1504 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1504 |
| 1974 | 1484 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1484 |
| 1975 | 1490 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1490 |
| 1976 | 1499 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1499 |
| 1977 | 1530 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1530 |
| 1978 | 1532 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1532 |
| 1980 | 1468 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1468 |
| 1982 | 1860 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1860 |
| 1983 | 1599 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1599 |
| 1984 | 1473 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1473 |
| 1985 | 1534 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1534 |
| 1986 | 1470 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1470 |
| 1987 | 1819 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1819 |
| 1988 | 1481 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1481 |
| 1989 | 1537 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1537 |
| 1990 | 1372 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1372 |
| 1991 | 1517 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1517 |
| 1993 | 1606 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1606 |
| 1994 | 1522 | 79 | 13 | 100 | 354 | 135 | 789 | - | 2992 |
| 1996 | 944 | 117 | 22 | 127 | 485 | 183 | 1026 | - | 2904 |
| 1998 | 961 | 145 | 18 | 117 | 425 | 142 | 1024 | - | 2832 |
| 2000 | 940 | 119 | 14 | 130 | 480 | 201 | 933 | - | 2817 |
| 2002 | 1857 | 22 | 3 | 58 | 249 | 84 | 492 | - | 2765 |
| 2004 | 1906 | 38 | 4 | 60 | 244 | 86 | 474 | - | 2812 |
| 2006 | 2518 | 75 | 13 | 136 | 525 | 188 | 1055 | - | 4510 |
| 2008 | 694 | 65 | 9 | 87 | 349 | 133 | 686 | - | 2023 |
| 2010 | 614 | 66 | 14 | 114 | 377 | 160 | 699 | - | 2044 |
| 2012 | 672 | 63 | 18 | 99 | 354 | 139 | 629 | - | 1974 |
| 2014 | 863 | 67 | 16 | 130 | 475 | 173 | 814 | - | 2538 |
| 2016 | 979 | 87 | 24 | 151 | 545 | 268 | 813 | - | 2867 |
| 2018 | 789 | 88 | 24 | 132 | 443 | 230 | 642 | - | 2348 |
| 2021 | 1378 | 22 | 4 | 299 | 818 | 349 | 1162 | - | 4032 |
| 2022 | 1168 | 119 | 15 | 248 | 667 | 395 | 919 | 13 | 3544 |
| Total | 47193 | 1172 | 211 | 1988 | 6790 | 2866 | 12157 | 13 | 72390 |
1 strongly favors
2 not strongly favors
3 not strongly opposes
4 strongly opposes
NA(d) don't know
NA(i) iap
NA(j) I don't have a job
NA(m) dk, na, iap
NA(n) no answer
NA(p) not imputable
NA(q) not imputable
NA(r) refused
NA(s) skipped on web
NA(u) uncodeable
NA(x) not available in this release
NA(y) not available in this year
NA(z) see codebook