affrmact
Details
Question 153. Some people say that because of past discrimination, blacks should be given preference in hiring and promotion. Others say that such preference in hiring and promotion of blacks is wrong because it discriminates against whites. What about your opinion - are you for or against preferential hiring and promotion of blacks? If favors: Do you favor preference in hiring and promotion strongly or not strongly? If opposes: Do you oppose preference in hiring and promotion strongly or not strongly?
Overview
For further details see the official GSS documentation.
Counts by year:
| year | iap | don't know | no answer | not strongly favors | not strongly opposes | strongly favors | strongly opposes | skipped on web | Total |
| 1972 | 1613 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1613 |
| 1973 | 1504 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1504 |
| 1974 | 1484 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1484 |
| 1975 | 1490 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1490 |
| 1976 | 1499 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1499 |
| 1977 | 1530 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1530 |
| 1978 | 1532 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1532 |
| 1980 | 1468 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1468 |
| 1982 | 1860 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1860 |
| 1983 | 1599 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1599 |
| 1984 | 1473 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1473 |
| 1985 | 1534 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1534 |
| 1986 | 1470 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1470 |
| 1987 | 1819 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1819 |
| 1988 | 1481 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1481 |
| 1989 | 1537 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1537 |
| 1990 | 1372 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1372 |
| 1991 | 1517 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1517 |
| 1993 | 1606 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1606 |
| 1994 | 1522 | 79 | 13 | 100 | 354 | 135 | 789 | - | 2992 |
| 1996 | 944 | 117 | 22 | 127 | 485 | 183 | 1026 | - | 2904 |
| 1998 | 961 | 145 | 18 | 117 | 425 | 142 | 1024 | - | 2832 |
| 2000 | 940 | 119 | 14 | 130 | 480 | 201 | 933 | - | 2817 |
| 2002 | 1857 | 22 | 3 | 58 | 249 | 84 | 492 | - | 2765 |
| 2004 | 1906 | 38 | 4 | 60 | 244 | 86 | 474 | - | 2812 |
| 2006 | 2518 | 75 | 13 | 136 | 525 | 188 | 1055 | - | 4510 |
| 2008 | 694 | 65 | 9 | 87 | 349 | 133 | 686 | - | 2023 |
| 2010 | 614 | 66 | 14 | 114 | 377 | 160 | 699 | - | 2044 |
| 2012 | 672 | 63 | 18 | 99 | 354 | 139 | 629 | - | 1974 |
| 2014 | 863 | 67 | 16 | 130 | 475 | 173 | 814 | - | 2538 |
| 2016 | 979 | 87 | 24 | 151 | 545 | 268 | 813 | - | 2867 |
| 2018 | 789 | 88 | 24 | 132 | 443 | 230 | 642 | - | 2348 |
| 2021 | 1378 | 22 | 4 | 299 | 818 | 349 | 1162 | - | 4032 |
| 2022 | 1168 | 119 | 15 | 248 | 667 | 395 | 919 | 13 | 3544 |
| 2024 | 1126 | 115 | 17 | 220 | 573 | 333 | 884 | 41 | 3309 |
| Total | 48319 | 1287 | 228 | 2208 | 7363 | 3199 | 13041 | 54 | 75699 |
Values
1strongly favors2not strongly favors3not strongly opposes4strongly opposesNA(d)don't knowNA(i)iapNA(j)I don't have a jobNA(m)dk, na, iapNA(n)no answerNA(p)not imputableNA(r)refusedNA(s)skipped on webNA(u)uncodeableNA(x)not available in this releaseNA(y)not available in this yearNA(z)see codebook